Before issuing a policy, insurance companies generally do a thorough investigation of a driver's record and prior claims history. They will check to see whether your the applicant has gotten any tickets in the past several years or whether he has reported an unusual number of accidents. When they discover that he doesn't have a prior claims history (because he hasn't had insurance), he'll probably be classified as a high-risk driver--even if he has a clean driving record.
Some insurers might reject his application at that point. An insurance company has no obligation to issue a policy to a driver who they feel poses an unreasonable amount of risk. Other insurers will issue a policy, but it may be at a higher premium than they would charge a driver who is not considered high risk. Some insurers do not penalize a good driver who has gone without insurance, but your son shouldn't count on finding one without a great deal of research.
There are even insurance companies that specialize in high-risk drivers. You've probably seen or heard their advertisements on television, on the radio, in newspapers, and in magazines. These insurers often claim they'll insure anyone, but your son should probably make them a last resort. The premiums on policies issued by high-risk insurers tend to be much higher than those from standard insurers.
If the applicant lives in a state that has a compulsory insurance law (requiring him to have at least some level of liability coverage), his state may have created an assigned-risk pool to provide coverage for high-risk drivers. If he has trouble obtaining insurance coverage, he can contact his state's assigned-risk pool directly or ask an insurance agent for more information.
Monday, April 2, 2007
Monday, March 19, 2007
Burglary and Your Homeowners Insurance
After leaving your home, do you worry that you forgot to lock the door or if you left a light on to make your home appear occupied? Gone are the days when your parents trusted the world with an unlocked front door, as evidenced by the fact that burglaries affected 1out of every 39 homes last year. It's an unfortunate event that ravishes a family's sense of security and frequently frustrates victims as they fight to replace the possessions that were stolen or damaged. Most burglary victims will testify that making a claim on your homeowners insurance policy after a burglary is a process that is very similar to shopping for a new quote. You need to determine what you once had and accurately assign it a value. Unfortunately, when most people shop for homeowners insurance, they erroneously guess a value for all their possessions and focus solely on controlling the cost of what seems like just another bill. Can you accurately list from memory everything in your house? How many necklaces and rings do you have; DVDs in your movie library; and exactly what type of digital camera is it? Most people struggle to answer such questions, let alone in a situation of post-traumatic burglary anguish.
Creating an inventory of your personal property is a habit that should coincide with your annual review of your homeowners policy. Before you even compare new homeowners rates, simply go room to room and document every item. Try to get serial numbers when possible and gather as much detail as you can: when, where, and for what price you purchased each item. Previous victims will tell you that pictures and videos of the larger ticket items and any supporting receipts are invaluable in the process of making a theft claim on your policy.
According to the Insurance Information Institute, standard homeowners insurance policies generally value personal property at 50% to 70% of the coverage on the structure of the home. Of course, as we mentioned above, a home inventory will make determining the value much easier and absolute. The more valuable possessions like jewelry, collectables, and antiques are protected by a standard policy, but there are usually limits to what a company will pay for these. To insure these items to their full replacement value, consider adding a personal property rider to your policy. Although this will add to the cost of your premium, the extra coverage will be much broader for these items. For example, a diamond engagement ring would be covered in the event of a burglary or even if you lost it during a vacation. Riders can be added during the quoting process, or at any time thereafter, but they generally require an appraisal to underwrite.
As you review your homeowners insurance policy this year, spend some time on your personal possessions with the same attention to detail that you might if your home was burglarized. You are certain to uncover areas where you are under covered and will most likely discover opportunities for potential savings.
Contact me for a review of your current coverages and homeowners policy needs.
robmtchl@bellsouth.net
Life Lessons Scholarship Essay Contest Winner: Jermaine Suggs
See the Video:http://www.life-line.org/video/suggs/suggs.html
Imagine being in college and approaching midterms and a call comes to the payphone in the lobby of the dorm. The voice on the other end is telling you that your grandmother has died. Then, after all the crying and the casket is lowered on Sunday, you return back to school and try to concentrate when your heart is throbbing and aching. On Tuesday, two days after burying a grandmother the pay phone rings again, this time the voice is reluctant to say what is wrong it just says come home immediately. Upon reaching home the house is like it was last week crying, and sobbing everywhere and then you are approached by your mother and she barely says over the sniffing and weeping, "Jermaine, your father died today."
It seemed like the sky was falling and the sun was surrounding me, my legs were heavier than they had ever been in my life, my head seemed as if it was filled with water, and instead of me crying, I just turned and ran, I ran until my legs hurt, and I kept running until my chest told me I could no further. I fell right there in the grass maybe two feet from the highway. I quit school; I even gave up on life.
The death of my father caused us to lose everything, his business, my ambition, and my siblings' closeness because of our new financial strain. My father was in the Army National Guard for over fifteen years, but in last two years he had let his life insurance drop and the amount of money owed to the Internal Revenue Service for taxes accrued from his business. If it was not for the life insurance of my grandmother we would not have been able to bury my father.
I live in the black belt in Alabama, a place known for its rich soil, and unfortunately, its degree of poverty throughout a four to five county area. If my father had life insurance it would have softened the blow tremendously, since his debt in turn became ours. I knew that college of course was out of the question my mom still had a younger sibling to look after as well as my niece who my mom had taken in. So, I got a job and that's what I have been doing for the last three years working with hopes of attending college.
A common saying among Christians is "A person can take nothing with them into the after-life." I would like to amend that saying by adding that even though nothing can be taken into the after-life something can be left behind; call it an after-death blessing and its name is LIFE INSURANCE
If you are unsure about your families protection, contact me and I will help. robmtchl@msn.com
Imagine being in college and approaching midterms and a call comes to the payphone in the lobby of the dorm. The voice on the other end is telling you that your grandmother has died. Then, after all the crying and the casket is lowered on Sunday, you return back to school and try to concentrate when your heart is throbbing and aching. On Tuesday, two days after burying a grandmother the pay phone rings again, this time the voice is reluctant to say what is wrong it just says come home immediately. Upon reaching home the house is like it was last week crying, and sobbing everywhere and then you are approached by your mother and she barely says over the sniffing and weeping, "Jermaine, your father died today."
It seemed like the sky was falling and the sun was surrounding me, my legs were heavier than they had ever been in my life, my head seemed as if it was filled with water, and instead of me crying, I just turned and ran, I ran until my legs hurt, and I kept running until my chest told me I could no further. I fell right there in the grass maybe two feet from the highway. I quit school; I even gave up on life.
The death of my father caused us to lose everything, his business, my ambition, and my siblings' closeness because of our new financial strain. My father was in the Army National Guard for over fifteen years, but in last two years he had let his life insurance drop and the amount of money owed to the Internal Revenue Service for taxes accrued from his business. If it was not for the life insurance of my grandmother we would not have been able to bury my father.
I live in the black belt in Alabama, a place known for its rich soil, and unfortunately, its degree of poverty throughout a four to five county area. If my father had life insurance it would have softened the blow tremendously, since his debt in turn became ours. I knew that college of course was out of the question my mom still had a younger sibling to look after as well as my niece who my mom had taken in. So, I got a job and that's what I have been doing for the last three years working with hopes of attending college.
A common saying among Christians is "A person can take nothing with them into the after-life." I would like to amend that saying by adding that even though nothing can be taken into the after-life something can be left behind; call it an after-death blessing and its name is LIFE INSURANCE
If you are unsure about your families protection, contact me and I will help. robmtchl@msn.com
Friday, March 16, 2007
What To Do When You Suffer Water Damage
According to Jeff Stockton of PuroClean Insurance Services these are some steps you can take to help reduce your loss should you suffer water damage to your property.
* Stop the water: Turn the water off. Call a plumbler.
*Throughout the House: Remove as much excess water as is possible by mopping up and blotting. Open doors and windows in cool weather to speed drying. In hot weather, switch the air conditioning on high if it is safe to do so. Call a professional water removal expert.
*Upholstry: Remove all loose cushions and prop up on a clean sheet for more even drying. Check for possible "color transfer".
*Carpets: Remove area rugs from wet, wall to wall carpets. Pick up any books, magazines,or other items that may be sitting on the carpet.
*Furniture: Place aluminum foil, wood blocks, or plastic under furniture legs to prevent wet carpet from "wicking" moisture up into the furniture. Open , but do not force, drawers and cabinet doors to dry out interiors.
*Ceilings: Punch small holes in sagging ceilings to relieve trapped water. Place a drip pan underneath; move any nearby furniture or items to a safe distance.
*Artwork: Remove paintings and other artwork to a safe and dry place.
*Clothing: Dry all garments as soon as possible. Hang fur and leather goods to dry at room temperature.
Insurance policies can be used to return your property to the same condition prior to suffering a loss and will only pay in the event of a "covered peril". An old roof that wears out and begins to leak is not a peril that is covered by an insurance policy. Misunderstandings arise when property owners attempt to use insurance for maintenance purposes. Before you contact your agent and report a claim you may first want to contact a remeadation specialist. They can help you determine if you have a claim or not as they work with insurance adjusters daily.
If you have any questions you may contact me at robmtchl@msn.com or Jeff Stockton at PuroClean at jstockton@puromail.com
* Stop the water: Turn the water off. Call a plumbler.
*Throughout the House: Remove as much excess water as is possible by mopping up and blotting. Open doors and windows in cool weather to speed drying. In hot weather, switch the air conditioning on high if it is safe to do so. Call a professional water removal expert.
*Upholstry: Remove all loose cushions and prop up on a clean sheet for more even drying. Check for possible "color transfer".
*Carpets: Remove area rugs from wet, wall to wall carpets. Pick up any books, magazines,or other items that may be sitting on the carpet.
*Furniture: Place aluminum foil, wood blocks, or plastic under furniture legs to prevent wet carpet from "wicking" moisture up into the furniture. Open , but do not force, drawers and cabinet doors to dry out interiors.
*Ceilings: Punch small holes in sagging ceilings to relieve trapped water. Place a drip pan underneath; move any nearby furniture or items to a safe distance.
*Artwork: Remove paintings and other artwork to a safe and dry place.
*Clothing: Dry all garments as soon as possible. Hang fur and leather goods to dry at room temperature.
Insurance policies can be used to return your property to the same condition prior to suffering a loss and will only pay in the event of a "covered peril". An old roof that wears out and begins to leak is not a peril that is covered by an insurance policy. Misunderstandings arise when property owners attempt to use insurance for maintenance purposes. Before you contact your agent and report a claim you may first want to contact a remeadation specialist. They can help you determine if you have a claim or not as they work with insurance adjusters daily.
If you have any questions you may contact me at robmtchl@msn.com or Jeff Stockton at PuroClean at jstockton@puromail.com
Monday, March 12, 2007
Get Free Long- Term Care Insurance Information
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging
Home
Awareness Campaign Information
National Clearinghouse for Long-Term Care Information (Off-Site)
Own Your Future is a valuable resource that will help you prepare for the long-term care needs you may have in the coming years. Planning for long-term care is smart, so ORDER or DOWNLOAD your free Kit and START PLANNING NOW!
You may also wish to consult with an insurance professional regarding long-term care insurance. I will be happy to help you design a plan thats right for you. Contact me at:
robmtchl@msn.com
The Own Your Future Campaign is sponsored by 3 agencies within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS), the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) and the Administration on Aging (AoA). The National Governors Association (GSA) has been a key partner in promoting the Campaign with the nation's Governors and state governments.
Contact Information Privacy Disclamer FOIA Accessibility
Home
Awareness Campaign Information
National Clearinghouse for Long-Term Care Information (Off-Site)
Own Your Future is a valuable resource that will help you prepare for the long-term care needs you may have in the coming years. Planning for long-term care is smart, so ORDER or DOWNLOAD your free Kit and START PLANNING NOW!
You may also wish to consult with an insurance professional regarding long-term care insurance. I will be happy to help you design a plan thats right for you. Contact me at:
robmtchl@msn.com
The Own Your Future Campaign is sponsored by 3 agencies within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS), the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) and the Administration on Aging (AoA). The National Governors Association (GSA) has been a key partner in promoting the Campaign with the nation's Governors and state governments.
Contact Information Privacy Disclamer FOIA Accessibility
Friday, March 2, 2007
Real Life Story: Auto Dealership Business Continuation
Brian HouseBrian House knew that one day he would run the family's Chevrolet dealership, but he never imagined that it would be at age 29, after his father suffered two massive heart attacks. Life insurance proceeds ensured that Brian's mother would be financially protected and provided the business with the cash needed to ensure a smooth transition. Today, Brian is vice president and dealer-operator at the family-run dealership, one of the most successful in upstate New York.
View the Real Life story here: http://www.life-line.org/rls/house.html
View the Real Life story here: http://www.life-line.org/rls/house.html
Wednesday, February 28, 2007
Real Life Stories
Real Life Stories:
http://www.life-line.org/rls/hoskins.html
After you watch this video, Please call me so we can review your coverages.
Rob Mitchell, LUTCF
robmtchl@msn.com
http://www.life-line.org/rls/hoskins.html
After you watch this video, Please call me so we can review your coverages.
Rob Mitchell, LUTCF
robmtchl@msn.com
Which TV Dad Needs the Most Life Insurance?
The nonprofit Life and Health Insurance Foundation for Education (LIFE) sponsored the national survey that used fictional characters to get Americans thinking about their own life insurance needs during Life Insurance Awareness Month.
Survey Findings
Conducted by KRC Research between September 7-10, 2006, the survey asked 1,019 adult Americans to consider five television dads and select the character they believe needs the greatest amount of life insurance coverage. Here’s how the public responded:
Tony Soprano
25%
Homer Simpson
17%
Cliff Huxtable
12%
Ray Barone
12%
Mike Brady
10%
Not sure
23%
These results illustrate the fact that many Americans often make the mistake of focusing too much on the chance that they will die and need life insurance, rather than thinking about the losses their family will incur if they die.
“Determining how much life insurance you need is a factor of your family’s immediate and ongoing expenses, current assets, living situation and future plans,” says Mitchell. “No matter what you do for a living, your future is unknown, so how risky your job is really has nothing to do with how much life insurance you need.”
“Working as a mob boss, Tony Soprano lives dangerously, but he’s probably one of a tiny percentage of Americans who is ‘self insured’ when it comes to life insurance,”. “Carmela is certainly accustom to a comfortable lifestyle and his children’s college costs need to be covered, but Tony’s likely got enough money stashed away to provide for his family no matter what happens to him the future.”
Tthe other four TV dads are in much different financial situations than Tony. “Based on what we know about the other dads, they all have a pretty clear need for life insurance because they are probably not independently wealthy and all make significant financial contributions to their families.”
How Much Life Insurance Do You Need?
According to the LIFE Foundation, figuring out how much life insurance you need depends on how much money your family will need after you're gone in order to cover immediate financial obligations, maintain their standard of living and meet future expenses, such as college tuition and retirement.
To help Americans get a handle on the various factors that go into that final figure, insurance expert Rob Mitchell LUTCF, walks through a basic insurance needs analysis for Mike Brady of “The Brady Bunch,” the TV dad who ranked lowest in the survey.
“Having already been widowed with three young sons, Mike Brady knows firsthand why planning for the unexpected is so important,” says Mitchell. “It’s really surprising that Americans ranked Mike the lowest because if there ever was someone who needed a lot of life insurance, it’s him. He’s the sole breadwinner for a family of eight and his income also supports Alice, a full-time housekeeper.”
Step 1: Estimating Immediate Expenses – “If Mike died prematurely, in addition to the funeral, lawyer fees and estate settlement costs, the Brady family would have to continue paying the mortgage on their $1 million ranch house, car loans, Alice’s salary, utility bills, credit cards and other outstanding debts,” says Mitchell.
Step 2: Estimating Ongoing Income Needs – “As an architect working in Los Angeles, Mike probably earns an estimated $85,000 a year. Given the number of children, their ages and the fact that Carol doesn’t work outside the home, he would want enough life insurance to replace that missing income for at least 5 to10 years or maybe longer,” continues Mitchell.
Step 3: Estimating Future Expenses – “Watching the six Brady children grow up, we know that they all attended college, in some cases graduate school, so money to fund those plans would also need to be secured. Mike also might want enough life insurance to help ensure a secure retirement for Carol,” says Mitchell.
Expert Recommendation – So how much life insurance does Mike Brady need? According to Mitchell, quite a bit. “Based on these assumptions, it seems clear that Mike needs at least $1 million in life insurance,” says Mitchell. “That would be about 12 or 13 times his annual income in coverage, and for someone with his kind of financial circumstances, that seems about right. The truth is, he could probably use even more considering that he’s the sole breadwinner and has so many children.”
To determine how much life insurance you need to protect your loved ones, the nonprofit LIFE Foundation has a Life Insurance Needs Calculator on its website at www.life-line.org/howmuch. For a more detailed needs analysis, LIFE recommends that consumers meet with a qualified insurance professional in their community.
Biographical Profiles of the Five Characters in the Survey
Tony Soprano: A "waste management consultant," and New Jersey mob boss. Wife is a stay-at-home mom, has two young adult children. Salary estimate: $87,000 on the books
Homer Simpson: Nuclear safety inspector who lives in Springfield, small town USA. Wife is a stay-at-home mom, has three young children. Salary estimate: $58,000
Cliff Huxtable: Physician (Obstetrics/Gynecology) living in Brooklyn, NY. Wife is a lawyer. They have 5 children. Salary estimate: $264,000 (Clair’s base salary estimate: $200,000)
Ray Barone: Newsday sportswriter who lives in Lynbrook, Long Island. Wife is a stay-at-home mom, has three young children. Salary estimate: $50,000
Mike Brady: Architect who lives in Los Angeles, CA. Wife is a stay-at-home mom, has six kids total from a combined marriage and a housekeeper. Salary estimate: $85,000
*Note: All salary figures are median base pay estimates based on occupation and location, generated on Salary.com.
About LIFE
The Life and Health Insurance Foundation for Education (LIFE) was founded in 1994 in response to the public’s growing need for information and education on life, health, disability and long-term care insurance. LIFE also seeks to remind people of the important role insurance professionals perform in helping families and businesses safeguard their financial futures. To learn more about these topics, please visit www.life-line.org.
Do discuss your needs contact Rib Mitchell, LUTCF at robmtchl@msn.com
Survey Findings
Conducted by KRC Research between September 7-10, 2006, the survey asked 1,019 adult Americans to consider five television dads and select the character they believe needs the greatest amount of life insurance coverage. Here’s how the public responded:
Tony Soprano
25%
Homer Simpson
17%
Cliff Huxtable
12%
Ray Barone
12%
Mike Brady
10%
Not sure
23%
These results illustrate the fact that many Americans often make the mistake of focusing too much on the chance that they will die and need life insurance, rather than thinking about the losses their family will incur if they die.
“Determining how much life insurance you need is a factor of your family’s immediate and ongoing expenses, current assets, living situation and future plans,” says Mitchell. “No matter what you do for a living, your future is unknown, so how risky your job is really has nothing to do with how much life insurance you need.”
“Working as a mob boss, Tony Soprano lives dangerously, but he’s probably one of a tiny percentage of Americans who is ‘self insured’ when it comes to life insurance,”. “Carmela is certainly accustom to a comfortable lifestyle and his children’s college costs need to be covered, but Tony’s likely got enough money stashed away to provide for his family no matter what happens to him the future.”
Tthe other four TV dads are in much different financial situations than Tony. “Based on what we know about the other dads, they all have a pretty clear need for life insurance because they are probably not independently wealthy and all make significant financial contributions to their families.”
How Much Life Insurance Do You Need?
According to the LIFE Foundation, figuring out how much life insurance you need depends on how much money your family will need after you're gone in order to cover immediate financial obligations, maintain their standard of living and meet future expenses, such as college tuition and retirement.
To help Americans get a handle on the various factors that go into that final figure, insurance expert Rob Mitchell LUTCF, walks through a basic insurance needs analysis for Mike Brady of “The Brady Bunch,” the TV dad who ranked lowest in the survey.
“Having already been widowed with three young sons, Mike Brady knows firsthand why planning for the unexpected is so important,” says Mitchell. “It’s really surprising that Americans ranked Mike the lowest because if there ever was someone who needed a lot of life insurance, it’s him. He’s the sole breadwinner for a family of eight and his income also supports Alice, a full-time housekeeper.”
Step 1: Estimating Immediate Expenses – “If Mike died prematurely, in addition to the funeral, lawyer fees and estate settlement costs, the Brady family would have to continue paying the mortgage on their $1 million ranch house, car loans, Alice’s salary, utility bills, credit cards and other outstanding debts,” says Mitchell.
Step 2: Estimating Ongoing Income Needs – “As an architect working in Los Angeles, Mike probably earns an estimated $85,000 a year. Given the number of children, their ages and the fact that Carol doesn’t work outside the home, he would want enough life insurance to replace that missing income for at least 5 to10 years or maybe longer,” continues Mitchell.
Step 3: Estimating Future Expenses – “Watching the six Brady children grow up, we know that they all attended college, in some cases graduate school, so money to fund those plans would also need to be secured. Mike also might want enough life insurance to help ensure a secure retirement for Carol,” says Mitchell.
Expert Recommendation – So how much life insurance does Mike Brady need? According to Mitchell, quite a bit. “Based on these assumptions, it seems clear that Mike needs at least $1 million in life insurance,” says Mitchell. “That would be about 12 or 13 times his annual income in coverage, and for someone with his kind of financial circumstances, that seems about right. The truth is, he could probably use even more considering that he’s the sole breadwinner and has so many children.”
To determine how much life insurance you need to protect your loved ones, the nonprofit LIFE Foundation has a Life Insurance Needs Calculator on its website at www.life-line.org/howmuch. For a more detailed needs analysis, LIFE recommends that consumers meet with a qualified insurance professional in their community.
Biographical Profiles of the Five Characters in the Survey
Tony Soprano: A "waste management consultant," and New Jersey mob boss. Wife is a stay-at-home mom, has two young adult children. Salary estimate: $87,000 on the books
Homer Simpson: Nuclear safety inspector who lives in Springfield, small town USA. Wife is a stay-at-home mom, has three young children. Salary estimate: $58,000
Cliff Huxtable: Physician (Obstetrics/Gynecology) living in Brooklyn, NY. Wife is a lawyer. They have 5 children. Salary estimate: $264,000 (Clair’s base salary estimate: $200,000)
Ray Barone: Newsday sportswriter who lives in Lynbrook, Long Island. Wife is a stay-at-home mom, has three young children. Salary estimate: $50,000
Mike Brady: Architect who lives in Los Angeles, CA. Wife is a stay-at-home mom, has six kids total from a combined marriage and a housekeeper. Salary estimate: $85,000
*Note: All salary figures are median base pay estimates based on occupation and location, generated on Salary.com.
About LIFE
The Life and Health Insurance Foundation for Education (LIFE) was founded in 1994 in response to the public’s growing need for information and education on life, health, disability and long-term care insurance. LIFE also seeks to remind people of the important role insurance professionals perform in helping families and businesses safeguard their financial futures. To learn more about these topics, please visit www.life-line.org.
Do discuss your needs contact Rib Mitchell, LUTCF at robmtchl@msn.com
Expecting a Tax Refund?
Are you expecting a
Tax Refund?
How about
some additional
Life insurance?
Why not consider using some of your tax refund money to purchase Life insurance coverage? Research shows that parents, married or single, are the most underinsured group, with as little as 20% or less of recommended Life insurance protection they need.*
"I already have enough Life insurance", you may think. Although there is no perfect formula because everyone's needs are different, many experts claim that you need five to seven times your current annual income.
Life insurance benefits can provide an income for your family, make mortgage payments, ensure an education for your children, and/or provide retirement security for your spouse. When you buy Life insurance, you are buying protection that only Life insurance can provide. Make a resolution to put that tax refund to work providing protection for your loved ones.
Contact me for a free life insurance protection review.
robmtchl@msn.com
*(LIMRA -- Life Insurance Management & Research Association)
Tax Refund?
How about
some additional
Life insurance?
Why not consider using some of your tax refund money to purchase Life insurance coverage? Research shows that parents, married or single, are the most underinsured group, with as little as 20% or less of recommended Life insurance protection they need.*
"I already have enough Life insurance", you may think. Although there is no perfect formula because everyone's needs are different, many experts claim that you need five to seven times your current annual income.
Life insurance benefits can provide an income for your family, make mortgage payments, ensure an education for your children, and/or provide retirement security for your spouse. When you buy Life insurance, you are buying protection that only Life insurance can provide. Make a resolution to put that tax refund to work providing protection for your loved ones.
Contact me for a free life insurance protection review.
robmtchl@msn.com
*(LIMRA -- Life Insurance Management & Research Association)
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